The most common reported ancestries were Canadian, English, Scottish, French and Irish, followed by German, Chinese, Italian, First Nations, Indian (from India), Ukrainian, Dutch and Polish. This increased diversity is evident from the data from the 2016 Census carried out by Statistics Canada, in which more than 250 different ethnic origins or ancestries were reported. (The term “Canadian” ethnic origin was first introduced in the 1996 Census.) An ethnic diversity survey published by Statistics Canada in 2003 showed that 21% of the population aged 15 years and older was of British‑only ancestry, while 10% reported only French origins, 8% were Canadian only, and 7% were a mix of these three origins. At the beginning of the 21 st century, the proportion of people with British, French, and/or Canadian ethnic origins had dropped to 46%. The sources of immigration have also shifted toward locations such as Asia, the Caribbean, and South and Central America.īy 1981, the combination of a declining birth rate and ongoing immigration saw the British and French populations decline to 40% and 27%, respectively. The proportion of the population born outside the country dropped during the Great Depression and the Second World War, but has been rising since the early 1950s. In percentage terms, the influx peaked in 19, when annual arrivals exceeded 5% of the total population. At the turn of the 20 th century, immigrants from other European countries were allowed entry into Canada. By comparison, in the 2011 Census, people with Indigenous ancestry represented 4.3% of the population.įrench and British colonizers began arriving in the early 1600s, and at the time of Confederation, Canada's population was chiefly British (60%) and French (30%). Statistics Canada's 2016 Census revealed that just over 2.1 million people reported having some Indigenous ancestry, representing 6.2% of the total population. Their proportion of Canada's total population is increasing. The Indigenous peoples include First Nations (Status and Non‑Status Indians), Métis and Inuit. 2 Background and Analysis 2.1 Multiculturalism as a Sociological Fact of Canadian LifeĬanada's history of settlement and colonization has resulted in a multicultural society made up of three founding peoples – Indigenous, French, and British – and of many other racial and ethnic groups. It also provides a chronology of federal policy on multiculturalism, and selected references. It goes on to look at attitudes to multiculturalism, as well as provincial and territorial multiculturalism policies. This study focuses on an analysis of Canadian multiculturalism both as a sociological fact and as a federal public policy. At the policy level, multiculturalism refers to the management of diversity through formal initiatives in the federal, provincial, territorial and municipal domains. Ideologically, multiculturalism consists of a relatively coherent set of ideas and ideals pertaining to the celebration of Canada's cultural diversity. The concept of Canada as a “multicultural society” can be interpreted in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy).Īs a sociological fact, multiculturalism refers to the presence of people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds.
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